The most common causes of disability and death from sarcoidosis are directly or indirectly
related to complications of fibrotic lung disease [
[1]
]. Fibrosis develops in up to 20% of pulmonary sarcoidosis patients [
[2]
,
[3]
] and may result in end-stage parenchymal lung disease [
[4]
]. Fibrotic pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with distortion of airways leading
to airflow obstruction, bronchiectasis, and increased episodes of clinical worsening
that are often related to pulmonary infections [
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
]. Sarcoidosis associated pulmonary hypertension is caused by a variety of mechanisms,
but the most common of these is distortion of the pulmonary vasculature from fibrosis
[
[8]
,
[9]
]. Mycetoma that are associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis occur almost exclusively
in those with fibrocystic disease [
[10]
] where they may cause life-threatening hemoptysis [
[11]
]. All the aforementioned manifestations of fibrotic pulmonary sarcoidosis commonly
result in severe quality of life impairment and are potentially life-threatening [
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
].Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: March 22, 2021
Accepted:
March 12,
2021
Received in revised form:
March 11,
2021
Received:
November 23,
2020
Identification
Copyright
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
