Focus on Sarcoidosis
Antifibrotic drugs for pulmonary sarcoidosis: A treatment in search of an indication
The most common causes of disability and death from sarcoidosis are directly or indirectly related to complications of fibrotic lung disease [1]. Fibrosis develops in up to 20% of pulmonary sarcoidosis patients [2,3] and may result in end-stage parenchymal lung disease [4]. Fibrotic pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with distortion of airways leading to airflow obstruction, bronchiectasis, and increased episodes of clinical worsening that are often related to pulmonary infections [4–7]. Sarcoidosis associated pulmonary hypertension is caused by a variety of mechanisms, but the most common of these is distortion of the pulmonary vasculature from fibrosis [8,9].Current perspectives on the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory systemic disease that commonly affects the lungs or lymph nodes but can manifest in other organs. Herein, we review the latest evidence establishing how innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to the pathogenesis and clinical course of sarcoidosis. We discuss the possible role of microbial organisms as etiologic agents in sarcoidosis and the evidence supporting sarcoidosis as an autoimmune disease. We also discuss how animal and in vitro human models have advanced our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis.Sarcoidosis: No longer a benign disease?
Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease of unknown cause characterized by noncaseating granulomatous inflammation that results in symptoms and organ dysfunction due to persistent inflammation and fibrosis. It predominately affects the lungs in over 90% of patients, but can injure any organ in the body. Sarcoidosis can be a life-threatening disease, particularly in those with pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, or cardiac involvement [1,2]. Opportunistic infections may also play a role in mortality in patients on immunosuppression [2,3].Clinical epidemiology of familial sarcoidosis: A systematic literature review
Although the presence of familial sarcoidosis has been confirmed, clinical and epidemiological data on its characteristics are scattered and sometimes paradoxical. The objective of this review is to assess what is known on the clinical epidemiology of familial sarcoidosis, by combining data from early case reports with recent population based data; aiming to support in clinical decision making and providing information to patients.Sarcoidosis: A benign disease or a culture of neglect?
The widespread perception that sarcoidosis is essentially a benign disease has undoubtedly contributed to a lack of investment in sarcoidosis-related public health and research initiatives. Respiratory clinicians managing both pulmonary sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis may be especially likely to subscribe to this view. Unlike most other forms of fibrotic lung disease, pulmonary sarcoidosis stabilizes with time, with or without therapy, in the majority of patients. Sarcoidosis patients with major cardiac or neurologic involvement are often managed by sub-specialists and may be under-represented in general sarcoidosis cohorts.Combined sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CSIPF): Genuine disease entity, obscure clinical phenotype or diagnostic red herring?
The diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs), often collectively referred to as the interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are classified together because of similar clinical, radiographic, physiologic, or pathologic manifestations [1]. Universal features of the DPLDs include cellular proliferation, inflammation and/or fibrosis within the alveolar wall [2]. Architectural distortion of the airways and alveoli is also frequently present. The DPLDs are categorized into those that are associated with known causes and those that are idiopathic.Monitoring cardiac sarcoidosis: The next frontier
Cardiac sarcoidosis is a potentially life-threatening form of the disease. Although most sarcoidosis-related deaths result from lung involvement, most of these deaths occur after years of the slow development of lung fibrosis from granulomatous inflammation [1,2]. Contrary to pulmonary sarcoidosis, cardiac sarcoidosis may cause life-threatening events and severe organ dysfunction relatively quickly because of myocardial granulomas deposited in unfortunate locations. Furthermore, myocardial sarcoid granulomas tend to progress relatively quickly to scar [3] that does not respond to anti-granulomatous therapy and is permanent.Steroids for sarcoidosis: How much and for how long?
Most clinicians agree that corticosteroids are the first choice for treatment for symptomatic pulmonary sarcoidosis [1,2]. Prednisone is one of the most commonly used corticosteroids, with the usual initial dose being 20–40 mg daily [3,4]. However, the specific dose and rationale for such a dose is unclear. Early studies of corticosteroids were associated with quite variable doses and duration of therapy. In some studies, 60 mg for one month and then slowly tapered for more than a year [5] while others gave 15 mg for three months total [6].Endpoints in sarcoidosis: More like IPF or asthma?
Sarcoidosis remains an enigmatic disease. Its cause is unknown, the indications for treatment are often unclear, and its natural history is variable. An additional important enigmatic issue that has hampered clinical sarcoidosis research is the failure to develop reliable and universally accepted clinical endpoints.Respiratory Medicine: Focus on Sarcoidosis: Editor's welcome
With this editorial, my Editorial Board Members and I launch the maiden voyage of Respiratory Medicine: Focus on Sarcoidosis, a companion journal of Respiratory Medicine. The journal's scope will encompass the etiology, immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, natural history, treatment, and outcomes of sarcoidosis. The journal will devote a significant amount of space to extrapulmonary sarcoidosis, in addition to pulmonary sarcoidosis.
